![]() ![]() Under-signaling territory owners were relatively more commonly than were over-signaling territory owners, particularly in simulated intrusion that coupled playback of soft song with a mount specimen. We observed territory owners that both over-signaled (i.e., produced soft song but did not attack) and under-signaled (i.e., attacked without producing soft song). Results: We found the mounted specimen that coupled playback of soft songs suffered more and quicker attacks from the territory owner and that the relationship between soft song and subsequent attack in the territory owner was far from perfect. We used mounted specimens accompanied by broadcast songs or soft songs to simulate a male attempting to invade an existing territory. Methods: This study aimed to test the reliability of soft song as an aggressive signal in the brownish-flanked bush warbler. Although stable signaling systems require that signals be honest on average, models predict that cheating is an acceptable strategy for some individuals or in some contexts. ![]() For example, the Brownish-flanked Bush Warblers Cettia fortipes use soft song in male-male conflicts, particularly prior to attacks. Recent studies have confirmed that soft song is an aggressive signal. Background: Soft song is a low-amplitude song produced by many birds. ![]()
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